Validators play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and security of decentralized networks. They are responsible for validating transactions, proposing new blocks, and ensuring consensus within the blockchain ecosystem. Maintaining the highest possible uptime is essential to their functioning as block producers for several fundamental reasons.
The uninterrupted operation of nodes ensures the continuous validation of transactions and the smooth work of smart contracts, directly impacting the APR the validators offer their delegators. Any downtime or disruption in their services can compromise the network’s security, slow transaction processing, and lead to direct and indirect losses for all involved parties.
Adopting best practices and robust risk mitigation policies is a must as long as a validator wishes to maintain a 99.9% uptime. These measures go beyond purely technical considerations and encompass hardware setup, network connectivity, software management, and security protocols. This article explores the essential strategies validators can employ to maintain high uptime and contribute to blockchain networks’ resilience and efficiency while addressing the risks associated with this line of work.
Risks
Even though maintaining 100% uptime is more of an ongoing pursuit than a typical condition, ensuring it comes with several inherent risks that validators need to be aware of. While there cannot be an exhaustive list of such risks, the most typical ones any validator should heed are as follows.
DDoS Attacks
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose a considerable risk to validator nodes. Attackers can overwhelm the infrastructure with a high traffic volume, leading to downtime or slow response times. To address this risk, validators can employ DDoS protection services provided by cloud providers or use specialized DDoS protection software to detect and mitigate such attacks. The second option is preferable as it implies a higher degree of independence from third-party providers and their infrastructure.
Infrastructure Failures
Hardware failures, power outages, or issues with internet connectivity can disrupt a validator’s uptime and are the main reason behind imperfect performance. To minimize this risk, validators should implement redundancy in their hardware setup. Using reliable and reputable hardware components or choosing data centers with robust power backup and internet connectivity can also help reduce the impact of infrastructure failures. That said, servers should be geographically remote and their providers different since it would decrease the chance of a total outage.
Software Bugs and Vulnerabilities
Software running on validator nodes may contain bugs or vulnerabilities that can lead to unintended behavior or potential exploits. Validators must stay vigilant and keep their software up-to-date with the latest patches and security releases. Participating in public testnets and security audits can also help identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
Disputable Upgrades
In some cases, protocol upgrades can create uncertain conditions for validators, so their ability to make informed decision-making on network participation is crucial and heavily depends on their involvement in the community. As a validator is, to some extent, a representative of its delegators when it comes to voting, the best way to mitigate this risk is to ensure that the community’s opinion is heard and the best interests of the network are thus observed.
Slashing Risks
In PoS blockchains, validators can face slashing risks, wherein a portion of their staked tokens is confiscated as a penalty for malicious behavior or negligence. To address this risk, validators obviously must adhere to network rules, such as skip rate, and keep their private keys inaccessible to malicious third parties (possibly by storing them on hardware wallets).
Insider Attacks and Phishing
Validator nodes may be vulnerable to insider attacks, where an internal member with access to sensitive information or controls engages in malicious activities. To mitigate this risk, validators should have a dedicated security team that implements strict access controls and admission policies, conducts regular security audits, and follows best practices for secure node setup and operation with other involved groups of employees. To mitigate risks associated with phishing attacks, all validator employees should undergo recurring security drills, and an efficient reporting system must be in place so that notifications of possible phishing can reach the security personnel as soon as possible.
Economic Risks
Validators face economic risks, especially in volatile markets. The value of staked tokens can fluctuate, impacting the economic viability of validators, so the best way to mitigate this risk is to closely monitor market trends and news, diversify the portfolio of blockchains they validate for, and have several plans on adjusting risk tolerance as necessary.
Addressing these risks requires a proactive and diligent approach from validators. Implementing a comprehensive security strategy, staying informed about network developments, and adhering to best practices can significantly reduce the chances of downtime and potential vulnerabilities.
Best Practices to Ensure a 100% Uptime
Aside from the means to address particular risks, validators must always adhere to the industry’s best practices, as it is essential to maintaining high uptime. The most notable ones in this regard are as follows.
High-Performance Hardware Setup
Validator nodes require substantial processing power, ample memory, and fast storage to validate and propose blocks efficiently. The best practice here is to opt for modern multi-core CPUs with high clock speeds and sufficient RAM to handle the computational requirements of the network. Solid-state drives, especially NVMe, are also highly recommended for faster data access, reducing latency, and improving overall node performance. Following these practices can significantly enhance the performance of validator nodes.
Internet Connection and Network Redundancy
A high-speed and stable internet connection ensures timely block validation and participation in the consensus process. To that end, we recommend having multiple hot-standby nodes on different providers to minimize the risk of connectivity issues. This redundancy prevents downtime in case of ISP outages.
Monitoring and Alert Systems
Monitoring allows for tracking node performance and health continually. Tools like Prometheus and Grafana can help gather and analyze validator metrics, such as block proposal success rate, block confirmation times, and resource utilization. Setting up alert notifications to promptly address any performance anomalies or potential issues is paramount.
Regular Software Updates
It is crucial to regularly check for new releases and apply updates promptly to maintain compatibility with the latest network changes, as using outdated software versions may impinge upon the node’s stability, security, and performance. That said, a validator must ensure that all the updates have undergone testing or security audits to minimize the risk of bugs, vulnerabilities, and exploits.
Conclusion
Validators play a pivotal role in securing and maintaining the operation of any PoS blockchain. By following the best practices outlined in this article, any of them can contribute to a robust and reliable ecosystem.
At the end of the day, reliable infrastructure, proactive monitoring, and rigorous security practices are at the core of any validator’s ability to contribute meaningfully to developing decentralized technologies and broader implementation of Web3.
