Monad is a high-performance Layer-1 blockchain that focuses on scaling dApps without compromising decentralization or security. You can learn more about its unique architecture from an overview in our blog.
This article focuses on the recent addition of JIT compilation to Monad, which dramatically accelerates the execution of smart contracts and represents an important stepping stone toward the upcoming mainnet launch.
Challenges of Compilers
Just‑in‑Time (JIT) compilation holds pronounced promise as a method to enhance the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)’s performance. That said, deploying it effectively brings about several noticeable technical challenges.
- Replicating the EVM’s exact behavior in compiled form is non‑trivial. The system must precisely preserve gas accounting and error semantics. Even if the JIT compiler simplifies sequences of operations, it must still charge gas exactly as the original bytecode would and deliver identical error behavior.
- Compilation introduces overhead, meaning compiling every contract is costly and could dramatically increase latency. As such, only selected contracts, typically those executed most often, should be compiled, while others remain interpreted.
- Compiled native code artifacts tend to be much larger than the original EVM bytecode, which raises storage and caching considerations.
Finally, achieving high performance through compilation requires deep, creative compiler engineering. This involves extensive research, benchmarking, and repeated optimization of machine‑code generation to handle EVM’s stack‑based design and 256‑bit arithmetic natively.
How JIT Compilation Works in Monad
Despite these complications, the Category Labs team successfully built a compiler that overcomes these problems. Their system enables contract code to be executed faster and more efficiently than traditional EVM implementations.
In a nutshell, the Monad client monitors contracts by cumulative gas consumption. For contracts that become “hot” (i.e., frequently executed), native code is compiled and cached. The system executes asynchronously: when a contract isn’t yet compiled, it runs on a low‑latency, highly optimized interpreter. Once compilation completes, subsequent calls leverage the cached native code for faster execution.
More specifically, Monad uses a hybrid execution model that combines an optimized interpreter and a custom native‑code compiler to accelerate EVM contract execution while preserving exact behavior.
Interpreting vs. Compiling
Standard EVM clients interpret contracts one instruction at a time: performing stack‑bounds checks, charging gas, and applying semantics at each step. Interpreters are simple, responsive, and performant when well‑designed.
On the other hand, JIT compilation analyzes contract code once, transforms it into a more performant form, and emits optimized native x86‑64 machine code. This adds upfront latency but gets faster repeated execution in return while maintaining EVM correctness.
Eliminating Redundant Work
A JIT compiler can analyze straight‑line instruction sequences and combine them. For example, rather than checking gas and executing each command separately, the compiler can pre‑compute the total gas cost for the block, check it once, and then emit native code that runs the block without per‑instruction overhead.
Similarly, constant folding simplifies instruction sequences, while preserving 256‑bit modular arithmetic and equivalent gas charging.
Optimizing Code Through Operand Mapping
The compiler maintains a simulated EVM stack that maps each 256‑bit word to either main memory, general‑purpose registers, or an AVX vector register. This hybrid register allocation, combined with the stack‑caching approach, allows the compiler to generate highly optimized instruction sequences..
Conclusion
Introducing JIT compilation into Monad marks a significant advancement in EVM execution performance. Blending efficient interpretation with selective, asynchronous native-code compilation helps Monad achieve faster and more resource-efficient contract execution while preserving exact EVM semantics.
As a result, JIT compilation improves throughput and lowers latency for frequently used contracts. As more smart contracts benefit from compiled execution, Monad may set a new standard for performant EVM-compatible blockchains.
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