Understanding the mechanism of Solana’s staking rewards, especially considering its inflation model, is paramount for those interested in purchasing and staking the blockchain’s native token, SOL. Still, the exact economic mechanics of a blockchain often remain hidden by a light veil of mystery due to its complexities and, sometimes, the requirement of economic savviness from the user.
This article, therefore, aims to explain the concepts of inflation in Solana, inflation in crypto, the rewards nuances in Solana staking, and other concepts that one should heed when weighing on Solana staking.
Inflation in Crypto
Generally, inflation means the devaluation of a currency over time against some anchor parameter, like a certain weight in gold or purchasing capacity. In crypto, inflation is usually controlled as it depends on the increase in the total number of available tokens. This increase can occur automatically (as it happens in Bitcoin) or be subject to the decisions of a blockchain’s governing body. More broadly, inflation in crypto depends on mining, staking rewards, forks, etc. Cryptocurrencies generally have their unique mechanisms for managing inflation.
Bitcoin, for instance, has a limited supply of 21 million that is yet to be reached and also introduces halving, which reduces miner rewards by 50% every four years or so. Ethereum, on the other hand, doesn’t have any fixed limits on supply, which makes its economy more inflationary. It tackles this issue by methods like transaction fee burns, which effectively remove some parts of the token supply from circulation and slow down inflation. Finally, there are even deflationary cryptocurrencies like BNB, which means that their supply decreases over time, thus leading to the token’s gradual appreciation.
Most cryptocurrencies, however, are inflationary by design, with only their inflation rates varying. Solana is also an inflationary cryptocurrency, and it was designed with specific mechanisms that would manage the issuance of new SOL tokens over time.
Inflation Mechanisms in Solana
There are three key parameters in Solana that govern its inflation and, by extension, staking rewards. According to the official documentation, they work as follows.
- Initial inflation rate
This is, as the name suggests, the inflation rate set at the start. More particularly, it is the percentage of the total supply of SOL that was to be created and distributed as new tokens during the first year of Solana’s existence. It is set to 8%.
- Disinflation rate
Solana’s internal mechanics demand that the inflation rate must decrease by 15% every year. It uses the previous year’s inflation as the base value, meaning that the inflation rate is reduced by 15% from that of the previous year. This slows down the supply of new tokens over time or, more specifically, makes it grow at a decreasing rate.
- Long-term inflation rate
The long-term goal for Solana’s inflation model is for the inflation rate to stabilize at 1.5%, which is known as the long-term inflation rate. It has not been reached yet, but it will be in several years, and will have to remain constant thereafter as the yearly inflation rate.
Solana’s creators chose those parameters with the general aim of encouraging network participation through staking, which is set to secure its operation. At the same time, this model ensures that the supply of SOL does not increase uncontrollably over the long term, which is sometimes seen as one of the biggest risks in the crypto economy since it would eventually lead to the token’s massive depreciation and drive away users and investors.
The parameters discussed above build up what we can call Solana’s effective inflation rate, i.e., its actual inflation. It, however, is not exclusively determined by those parameters, as factors like the network’s staking dynamics, transaction fees, uptime and performance, and occasional token burns or massive stake locks all play their parts in the effective inflation rate.
At the time of writing, the effective inflation rate in Solana is around 5.38%, partially due to the inflation schedule described above and partially due to the effect of market dynamics that are outside of anybody’s reasonable control. Still, the plan holds up, so the supply growth is partially controlled through the schedule. At the time of writing, the total supply of Solana is about 573.2 million SOL.
For context, in mid-2022, it was reported at around 526.9 million SOL. With the exclusion of locked-up tokens, the circulating amount of SOL today is around 444.8 million, while in mid-2022, it was 348.8 million. As for burning events, the Solana Foundation burned 11 million SOL in 2022 since they saw a risk of total supply going beyond the anticipated rate, which would have disrupted the intended inflation schedule.
Solana’s circulating supply growth (Source: Messari)
Another factor playing a noticeable role in the effective inflation rate is the block time. The annual inflation rate effectively adjusts with the consideration of average block times, which affects both the distribution of new SOL and the yield from Solana staking. Solana’s average block time at the moment is about 400 ms.
As for transaction fees, 50% of every fee is burned to produce a counterweight to the overall inflationary dynamics of the ecosystem. This model creates a balance that ensures network security: on the one hand, staking incentives drive more users to have their tokens locked up for profit, while the burning of transaction fees allows the system to compensate for it by decreasing the number of tokens in existence.
Additionally, there is a major portion of SOL that is locked in stake accounts as investments or grants from the Solana Foundation.
The resulting model, therefore, introduces a balanced system where inflation rates remain within reasonable constraints while leaving enough room for decentralization and growth. More importantly, however, it can effectively ensure the security of the entire Solana ecosystem while maintaining lucrative block times. Inflation, therefore, plays an essential role in encouraging network security, which in many cases boils down to the attractiveness of staking. The attractiveness of staking, in turn, boils down to the reward amounts.
With the effect of inflation on the Solana ecosystem cleared up, let’s proceed to the question of staking rewards in Solana.
Staking Rewards in Solana: Staking Calculator
In Solana, the resulting staking yield directly depends on the inflation rate as seen from the formula below.
In Solana, staking rewards are released once every epoch, which is approximately 2 days. More particularly, the staking rewards that had been accrued in the previous epoch are distributed to all validators and delegators in the first block of the new epoch. In the formula, the staking yield is calculated for one year, but the result is always tentative since certain parameters like the exact inflation rate and staked amount are extremely variable and may be different with each new block. There is, therefore, another formula that provides a tentative estimate of SOL rewards.
There are two important notions that also impact the estimated rewards.
- Usually, the rewards are auto-compounded, i.e., restaked automatically, which increases the stake and, by extension, the rewards for each next iteration.
- If, for whatever reason, the rewards are less than one Lamport (the minimum fraction of SOL), they will not be issued at the given epoch but added to the rewards for the next epoch so that there would be at least one Lamport received as a reward.
Inflation in Solana and SOL Staking Rewards
Inflation in Solana has a direct impact on several crucial aspects of the ecosystem, including its attractiveness to the general public and beyond.
A significant amount of SOL issued through inflation mechanisms goes to SOL stakers as an incentive to keep their SOL staked and the network secured. This way, the stakers can receive reasonable yields, while validators can earn fees from them.
This, in turn, ensures sustainable ecosystem growth without unexpected ups and downs and provides more confidence to those who only consider staking SOL. The mechanism employed in Solana balances early participation incentives with essential monetary stability and security. Collectively, those factors make Solana a lucrative staking option.
Since rewards come from inflation mechanisms, validators are also incentivized to participate in the network honestly, given that their role is crucial for the entire ecosystem. Particularly, validators earn their share through a commission on inflation, which is calculated with the global inflation rate, their stake percentage, fees, and the effectiveness of their participation. This creates a well-balanced mechanism where efficient operation is duly rewarded.
Finally, Solana was designed as an adaptable ecosystem. The inflation mechanism takes into account potential future changes that may be required as a response to token loss, burning, and any other unforeseen event affecting the overall supply. This way, the ecosystem further boosts the confidence of its users and participants.
So, economically speaking, inflation in Solana is a well-thought-out mechanism. It is designed to always stay within the constraints of reason and common sense while providing confidence to all players and incentivizing them to be more invested in the network’s development and progress.
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